. However, since the population of Artesia surrounding Little India is more
), the city council and mayor rather lamely compromised, officially designating it the "
." Catchy, huh? That silliness suggests a fundamental misunderstanding of what a designated ethnic enclave is... that is, a community that retains a cultural distinction from the larger community. Oh well, everyone knows it as Little India, whether it's official or not.
EARLY ARTESIA - DAIRYLAND
Artesia, named after the area's artesian wells, was primarily developed in the 1920s and '30s by mostly
Portuguese and
Dutch dairy farmers. Later came Dutch-colonized
Indonesians. The character of
Southeast Los Angeles became increasingly suburban after
World War II and
most of the homes in the immediate area date from the mid 1940s to the early '50s.
Pioneer Boulevard in the 1950s
As development increased, so did the value of the land and most of the local farmers sold and began moving away to
Chino or the
Central Valley to continue farming. The Portuguese-Brazilian
Portazil Bakery, the Portuguese restaurant
The Navigator and the Dutch
Artesia Bakery have all closed in recent decades after many years of operation.
There are still vestiges of Artesia's ethnic past with organizations like the
Artesia Portuguese DES,
Portugal Imports,
Artesia Drive In Dairy and
California Dairies. In addition, the
Portuguese Festa do Espirito Santo still occurs annually.
In the 1970s, the first Indian-American merchants began to move into the older buildings along the boulevard (some which date back to the 1920s -- their architecture and sign shapes give hints to their original purposes). As Little India grew, new mini-malls were built. Most of the newer shopping buildings date back to the 1990s and are ugly, bland, nondescript and vaguely Mexican-looking strip malls so common throughout the region.
As with many of ethnic enclaves in Los Angeles, the exteriors of Little India give little hint as to what lies beneath the faded stucco surface. Roll down the windows, however, and the unmistakable smell of Indian food and spices wafts pleasantly through the air. Peek inside the buildings to find crowded, cluttered markets and restaurants that tend to look more like dingy cafeterias or, alternately, garish nightclubs. But before we delve into Little India, allow me to elaborate on the much older history of Indians in America.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF INDIAN-AMERICANS
The history of Indian-Americans is older than that of the USA itself. It began in the 1600s, when the
East India Company brought Indian servants to the American colonies, where they were treated, essentially, as slaves. In fact, in 1680, an
Indian man and
Irish woman gave birth to a baby girl. Being "mixed-race," she was classified as "mulatto," taken from her parents and promptly sold into slavery. After the US achieved freedom from the
British Empire, the first recorded Indian immigrants arrived in the 1790s, to work in the maritime industry.
Larger numbers of Indians, mostly
Punjabi Sikhs, began immigrating to America and
Canada's west coast in the early 20th century, mostly to work in lumber mills and on the railroads. There they faced considerable hostility and in
Live Oak,
California and
Bellingham, Washington, they were driven from town by angry white mobs.
Left: A.K. Mozumdar (second from right) Right: the Asiatic Barred Zone
To make matters worse, the 1913 passage of the
California Alien Land Law made non-citizen
Asians ineligible to own property. A few months later, even leasing land became off limits to Indians. The same year, Indian-American religious figure
A.K. Mozumdar became the first to earn US citizenship after successfully arguing before a district judge that he was “Caucasian” and therefore eligible under the naturalization law that restricted citizenship to free white people. In 1917, the
Asiatic Barred Zone Act banned Asians from a large part of the continent from immigrating to the US.
Bhagat Singh Thind
In 1923, the case of
United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (a
World War I veteran who'd fought for the US) results with Indians' being ineligible for citizenship because, though classified as Caucasian, they're also determined to be "not white." A.K. Mozumdar, along with all naturalized Indian-Americans that followed him, had his citizenship revoked as a result.
In 1946,
Missourian President Harry Truman signed into law the
Luce-Celler Act of 1946, returning the right of immigration and naturalization to a limited number of Indians and Filipinos. In 1965,
Texan President Lyndon Johnson signed the
INS Act into law, eliminating per-country immigration quotas.
Left:
Kaushal Sharan years after his attack, Right:
Navroze Mody (middle)
In the 1980s, as more Indians were able to move to the US, they met increased hostility. Gangs like T
he Dotbusters formed in
New Jersey to target Indians with violence and harassment. In 1987, one of their victims,
Kaushal Sharan, was beaten with a baseball bat and suffered brain damage.
Navroze Mody wasn't so lucky and was beaten to death by the same gang, also in 1987.
Balbir Singh Sodhi Frank Roque Saurabh Bhalerao recovering from his attack
After the
9/11 Arab Terrorist Attacks, non-Arab
South Asians in several cases bore the brunt of inflamed racist hatred.
Balbir Singh Sodhi, a Sikh gas station attendant, was shot five times and killed by
Frank Roque in
Los Angeles. Roque was picked up after boasting at a bar, "They're investigating the murder of a turban-head down the street." In 2002 a
Hindu pizza deliverer,
Saurabh Bhalerao, was mugged and beaten in
Massachusetts for "being Muslim." His attackers, after telling him to go back to
Iraq, stuffed him in the trunk of their car. Bhalerao escaped and took a hammer to one of his cowardly assailants before being stabbed as he fled.